I do play videogames, I would not say that I am violent.
2) What are the four categories for different effects theories?
• Direct Effect Theories
• Diffusion Theories
• Indirect Effect Theories
• The Pluralist Approach
3) What are the examples provided for the hypodermic needle theory - where media texts have been blamed for certain events?
Child's Play ( Tom Holland 1988)- This movie was blamed to the reasoning for Jamie Bulger
Marilyn Manson- The musician Marilyn Manson was blamed for the Columbine Shooting in 1999
Natural Born Killers – a number of murders committed by romantically linked couples. in one case, the director was sued for inciting violence although the court case was later dismissed
4) What was the 1999 Columbine massacre? You may need to research this online in addition to the information on the factsheet.
The Columbine massacre was a school shooting that occurred in Colorado, April 20th, 1999. The two shooters were teenagers who were well-known punk rock listeners and were believed to have been motivated by that genre of music.
5) What are the reasons listed on the factsheet to possibly explain the Columbine High School massacre?
o The ease of access to firearms and the social
acceptance of gun ownership
o The alienation felt by teenagers who felt as though
they did not fit in
o The hopelessness caused by living in an area where
unemployment was high and was economically
disadvantaged
o The general desensitisation caused by access to a
range of violent images: film, TV, the news, the
internet
6) What does Gerbner's Cultivation theory suggest?
Gerbner's Cultivation theory states that the media affects our attitude rather than our behavior, it also states that the media affects our attitude not suddenly, but instead through a slow progression
7) How does this front page of the Daily Mail (from this week - Wednesday 16 November) link to Cultivation theory? The Mail Online version of the story is here.
the article shows that newer generations are constantly on electronics and that this was not an instant phenomenon but instead was a gradual effect from the negligence from parents when it comes to the use of electronics in the household
8) What does the factsheet suggest about action films and the values and ideologies that are reinforced with regards to violence?
The factsheet suggests that in action films the audience is accustomed to thinking that everything that the hero does is right, while if the villain was to do the same it would seem to wrong. The fact sheet also suggests that the actions being determined of either being wrong or right is entirely subjective.
9) What criticisms of direct effect theories are suggested in the factsheet?
The factsheet criticises direct effect theories as being elitest as it assumes that audiences are easily influenced
10) Why might the 1970s sitcom Love Thy Neighbour be considered so controversial today? What does this tell us about Reception theory and how audiences create meanings?
what is socially acceptable has changed since the 1970's, what was socially acceptable over 40 years ago is different to what is socially acceptable today (e.g. explixit sex scenes, homosexuality etc)
11) What examples are provided for Hall's theory of preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings?
The factsheet uses the different depictions of the same information through different media outlets due to bias and subjective opinions as an example
12) Which audience theory do you think is most convincing? Why? It is important that you developcritical autonomy in judging the arguments for and against different theories and form your ownopinion on these issues.
The two step flow model I believe is the most realistic as it can be objectively observed on both social media and mainstream media outlets, along with the two step flow model, I also believe that reception theory is also representative to reality as subjective opinions can have a massive effect on how someone processes information
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